Section 1Overview

In recent years, diseases caused by mites have been mentioned a lot in various media, making the harm of mites increasingly an environmental health issue that people are concerned about. As the structure of urban residences tends to be closed units, resulting in poor indoor ventilation, coupled with the popularization of household air conditioning equipment, not only the environment is hot and humid in summer, but the indoor temperature and humidity in winter are also not low, thus forming a year-round All have good growth and reproduction conditions for various microorganisms (including mites). According to a 1989 British survey of 59 households, the amount of mite allergens in indoor dust far exceeded the critical concentration of 2 μg/g for indoor allergens set by the World Health Organization (WHO). According to monitoring by relevant departments, in cities with high living standards such as Shanghai and Beijing, the most common mites in homes are carpets, followed by quilts, and then mattresses, pillows, floors, sofas, etc., which can provide warmth, There are as many as 16 species of mites surviving in humid and food-rich indoor environments. The survey found that 75% of homes in Taiwan are filled with dust mites. There are more than 10,000 dust mites hidden in each gram of indoor dust, which is much higher than the 100-1,000 dust mites per gram of dust needed to induce allergic asthma. concentration.

A long time ago, people would sneeze and have runny noses when exposed to house dust from bookcases or suitcases. We knew that house dust could cause allergic reactions, but we never knew what the main allergens were. It wasn’t until 1969 that we knew that house dust contained The main allergen is mites. Mites are organisms that are very harmful to human health. They can transmit viruses and bacteria, and can cause hemorrhagic fever, dermatitis, folliculitis, scabies and other diseases. According to data, 60% of asthma patients will have allergic reactions to dust mite antigens, and 80% of children’s asthma is caused by allergies to dust mite antigens. A large number of foreign clinical studies have also found that there is a close correlation between family exposure to dust mite allergens in early childhood and children who later develop asthma.

Suitable living conditions for people are also good conditions for indoor mite reproduction, especially in places with sufficient food. A house mite can live for about four months, during which time it can produce 200 times its body weight in feces and hatch up to 300 eggs. This clearly shows why indoor allergens can increase dramatically in a short period of time. Indoor mites themselves are not allergens, but their excrement and debris are strong allergens and can cause systemic allergic reactions, including allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic eczema/dermatitis, and allergic reactions. Allergic diseases such as urticaria and mite allergy account for about 80% of these diseases. Asthma-causing protein is the digestive juice secreted from the intestines of mites, and its effect is very strong. There is no good treatment for this, the only prevention is to control the number of mites.

In 2003, the Global Asthma Strategy (GINA) Committee proposed that there were an estimated 300 million asthma patients worldwide. In 2000, the prevalence of asthma in children in my country was 0.5-3%. It is initially estimated that there are about 10 million children with asthma in China, and a total of about 25 million in the country. Asthma patients, in 2000, the prevalence of childhood asthma in 27 cities in China increased by about 70% compared with 1990, and in some big cities it more than doubled.

As people’s living standards continue to improve, people pay more attention to their home living environment. Anti-mite and anti-bacterial textiles and household products can not only suppress and repel mites, effectively prevent the occurrence of skin diseases related to dust mites, but can also be anti-bacterial and inhibit the reproduction of bacteria. , significantly improving people’s living environment. Therefore, anti-mite textiles have extensive social needs.

Anti-mite finishing is a new interdisciplinary subject between textile dyeing and finishing technology, medicine and chemical industry. In view of the fact that there are not many specialized reports on this aspect in China, this chapter introduces the knowledge about mites and indoor mites and their harm, summarizes various anti-mite measures, and focuses on the anti-mite principles, methods, processes and methods of anti-mite fabrics. Effect evaluation methods, and discussed the progress of anti-mite fabrics to attract everyone’s attention.

Section 2, Mites and their harm

1. Basic knowledge of mites
Mites belong to the Arachnida. Their bodies are divided into cephalothorax and abdomen or the cephalothorax and abdomen are integrated into one body. They have no antennae or wings. They are small arthropods with round, oval or elongated shapes. The body length of mites is usually 0.1mm to 0.5mm, and their shape needs to be observed under a microscope. The basic structure of the insect body can be divided into two parts: the jaw body (gnathosoma), also known as the false head (capitulum) and the body (idiosoma).

① Jaw body: Located at the front end or ventral surface of the body, it consists of the lower oral plate, chelicerae, pedipalps and jaw base. ​

② Body: Pouch-shaped, some of the epidermis is soft, and some form a back plate that ossifies in different procedures. In addition, there are various stripes, bristles, etc. on the epidermis. Some species have eyes, most of which are located on the back of the body. There are 4 pairs of legs on the ventral surface, usually divided into 6 sections (including basal section, trochanter, femoral section, knee section, tibia section and tarsal section). There are claws and interclaw processes at the end of the tarsal section. The spiracles may be present or absent, located on the front or back side of the fourth pair of peduncle, the genital pore is located in the front half of the body, and the anus is located in the back half of the body.

The life cycle of mites can be divided into egg, larvae, nymph and adult stages. Nymphs are very similar to adults in shape, but their reproductive organs are immature. Mature females can lay eggs and larvae, some can produce nymphs, and some species can be solitary. Female reproduction (parthenogenesis) has 1 to 3 or more nymphal stages during life cycle development. The maturity period of mites varies with the season, ranging from 3-4 days in summer to 3 days-2 weeks in spring and autumn. The survival period of mites varies from 2 weeks to 4 months, depending on the species.

Mites are most likely to be parasitic on people’s forehead and face, including around the nose and eyes, lips, forehead, scalp, etc., followed by nipples, chest, neck, etc. A small amount of parasitism usually has no obvious symptoms, or may cause slight itching or tingling, and local The skin is slightly raised into solid nodules, which appear as red spots, erythema, and papules, and can last for several years without healing. The infection rate among adults is as high as 97.68%. Mite secretions, feces, molting and corpses are harmful to the human body. The diseases caused by mites mainly include the following aspects:

①Allergic diseases: Dust mites can cause allergic asthma, allergic nose, and allergic skin.

②Parasite: Scabies mites parasitize in human skin and cause scabies; Demodex mites parasitize in hair follicles and sebaceous glands, causing demodicosis.

③ Stings or poisonous stings: Dermatitis can occur when stinging humans are caused by leather mites and chiggers

④ Blood-sucking: Ticks suck a large amount of blood, and when full of blood, the ticks can swell dozens of times or even more than 100 times.
⑤ Transmitted diseases: ⑴ Viral diseases: Epidemic hemorrhagic fever can be transmitted by mites and chiggers. ⑵Rickettsiosis: scrub typhus is transmitted by chiggers, and rickettsial pox is transmitted by dermage mites. ⑶Bacterial diseases: Tularemia is transmitted by leather mites. ⑷Treponemal disease.

Characteristics of mite-borne diseases: ① Spread zoonotic diseases. ②Transmission of pathogens through eggs is common. ③It is both a vector of transmission and a storage host of pathogens. ④The transmitted diseases are usually sporadic.

2. Several common types of mites

The following types are closely related to people: dust mites, chiggers, leather mites, demodex, scabies mites and pink mites, etc. They are introduced in detail now:

1, dust mites:

Many people around the world suffer from dust mite allergies. They are commonly found in the home environment, such as bedding, carpets, cushions, pillows, quilts, clothing, etc., and even children’s stuffed toys, where dust mites breed. They are also parasitic on food, cats, dogs and other animals. According to surveys, there can be as many as 1,350 dust mites per gram of house dust, and up to more than 2 million dust mites in beds. Its suitable living humidity is 20-30℃. When the temperature is higher, although the development can be accelerated, the mortality rate will increase accordingly. When the temperature is lower than 20℃, the development slows down, and when the temperature is lower than 10℃, reproduction cannot occur. The suitable humidity is 80% relative humidity. A room equipped with air conditioning and carpet is a good living environment. Dust mites are tooth-feeding free-living mites that feed on powdery substances, such as human and animal dander, secretions, excretions, flour, cottonseed cake, and fungi.

Dust mites are organisms similar to spiders and head lice, belonging to the order Acaridae and the family Acaridae. Its body length is oval, only one-third of a millimeter, and its life cycle is divided into five stages: egg, larva, first-stage nymph, second-stage nymph, and adult. The larva has 3 pairs of legs, the first nymph has 4 pairs of legs, and has 1 pair of genital papillae. The second nymph has 4 pairs of legs. The genitals have not yet developed and has 2 pairs of genital papillae. Other characteristics are basically the same as those of adults. The mating of adult mites takes place about 1 to 3 days after transformation. Male mites can mate throughout their lives, while female mites only mate in the first half of their lives, usually 1 to 2 times. About 20 to 40 eggs are laid in one birth, and the egg-laying period lasts about one month. Male mites live for about 60 days, and female mites can live for up to 150 days. Dust mites under the microscope are shown in Figure 1:

Dorsal and ventral surface of male house dust mite

Dust mites are spread primarily through carriage. Dust mite allergy is an exogenous allergic reaction, and patients often have a family or personal history of allergies. As for the nature of the allergen, one opinion is that it comes from dust.The secretions, excretions, shed skins and dead insects of worms, especially these metabolites, are decomposed into tiny particles by the action of bacteria and fungi, which can float in the air and are easily inhaled, and are all strong allergens. ; Another opinion is that dust mites can collect house dust allergens, and their intestines are an excellent environment suitable for producing the decomposition products of allergens, so the mites themselves are not allergens. Although allergens are ubiquitous in the environment, the causes of their onset are mainly related to the body’s specific reactions. When allergens are inhaled, the body can produce more dust mite-specific IgE antibodies. This antibody can penetrate into the respiratory mucosa and combine with the corresponding antigens on the surface of mast cells and basophils, turning them into sensitized tissues. When dust mite antigens are inhaled again, with the participation of calcium ions, mast cells rupture and basophilic granules degranulate, prompting the release of a variety of biologically active substances, leading to bronchiolar smooth muscle spasm, mucosal edema, hypersecretion, and cell proliferation. Bronchial obstruction and other pathological changes, this is a type Ⅰ allergic reaction. People with allergies are prone to producing specific IgE antibodies.

The clinical manifestations are as follows;

The secretions, metabolites and dead insects of dust mites are strong allergens and can cause allergic bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, infant eczema and chronic urticaria.

(1) Dust mite asthma: It is an inhalation type asthma. It is a stubborn disease of the respiratory system with a high incidence rate. It is caused by dust mite metabolites (excreta, shed skin, etc.) suspended in the air. It is caused by inhalation and sticking to the respiratory mucosa. The first onset is often in childhood, with a history of infantile warm rash, or a history of chronic bronchiolitis. Sudden and repeated attacks are the characteristic manifestations of this symptom, including chest tightness and shortness of breath, inability to lie down, expiratory dyspnea, and in severe cases, cyanosis on the lips and fingertips due to hypoxia. The symptoms of each attack are often severe and of short duration, and may disappear suddenly. It occurs more frequently in spring and autumn, which is related to the increase in the number of dust mites in the environment. Attacks often occur after going to bed or in the morning. The presence of mites has rapidly increased the incidence of allergic diseases such as asthma, which is particularly harmful to infants and young children. 90% of childhood asthma is caused by mites. There are many reports at home and abroad about cases of bronchial asthma caused by mites.

(2) Allergic rhinitis can occur suddenly once exposed to allergens. The duration is related to the time and amount of exposure, and the symptoms disappear quickly. Symptoms include nasal congestion, itching in the nose, continuous sneezing and large amounts of watery nasal discharge. There are more eosinophils in nasal discharge. Pale edema of the nasal mucosa was seen on examination.

Avoiding exposure to dust mites is one way to reduce allergy symptoms. The direct way is to use anti-mite fabrics and put pillows, mattresses, and bedding into anti-mite bedding covers. This not only prevents dust mites inside from penetrating the isolation material and feeding on human dander, but also prevents dust mites from outside. Mites can no longer enter mattresses, pillows and bedding to reproduce, thereby achieving the purpose of controlling dust mites. Good anti-mite materials are elastic, breathable, very fine fabric fibers or non-woven synthetic materials.

2． Leather mite:

Dermatophytes can cause dermatitis, itching, herpes, red papules, intestinal mange, typhoid, plague, rickettsiosis, spirochetesis and viral diseases. Dermatophyte mites are also known as&ldquoo; putrefactive mite”. There are many types of it, and its lifestyle can be divided into two types: free living and parasitic life. The latter mainly lives in nests on the bodies of small mammals and birds and can repeatedly suck blood.

The activity of leather mites is affected by temperature, humidity and light. Adaptability to these conditions varies from species to species. The aphrodisiac mite adapts to temperatures between 25 and 30 degrees Celsius, and the temperature range for poisonous mites is 23 and 35 degrees Celsius. Most leather mites prefer moist environments, but gallinaceous mites are active at a relative humidity of 20%. Some species are more active under bright conditions, while others avoid light. For example, gallinopterus mites hide in gaps during the day and attack their hosts at night. Most leather mites can suck blood day and night. Most leather mites are active throughout the year, but there is a clear breeding peak. For example, Haemorrhoea graminii, Erythromycin spp., and Haematopsis mites breed in autumn and winter; Poultry mites and Eriophylla spp. breed in large numbers in summer and autumn.

The body of the mite is oval or elliptical, with keratinized yellow or brown bone plates, 0.2-0.5mm long. The body of the mite is divided into two parts: the jaw body and the body. The jaw body is located at the front end of the body. The four pairs of legs are located in the front half of the body. There are more bristles on the back plate and the body plate is oval. Its jaw body is located in front of the body and consists of jaw base, chelicerae and pedipalps. The jaw base is closely connected to the body and has different shapes. The chelicerae are composed of chelicerae rods and chelicerae pincers, and the chelicerae pincers of male mites evolved into sperm-guiding toes. The chelicerae of parasitic species are scissor- or needle-shaped; the chelicerae of free-living species are pincer-shaped. The pedipalps are long rod-shaped because the base and jaw base are healed. Its body: There is a dorsal plate on the back, most of which have one piece, and a few species have two pieces. The number and arrangement of setae on the back plate vary from species to species. There is a fork-shaped pectoral fork in the middle of the ventral surface of the body near the posterior edge of the jaw body. There are several bony plates on the ventral surface of the female mite, which are the breast plate, genital plate, abdominal plate and anal plate from front to back. The genital plate and abdominal plate of some insect species can be healed to form the reproductive abdominal plate. The bone plate on the ventral surface of male mites often heals into a full abdominal mass. The female’s genital pore is in the shape of a transverse slit, located behind the breast plate and covered by the genital plate; the male’s genital pore is located on the front edge of the breast plate and is funnel-shaped. There is one pair of valves, which are round holes, located on the outside between the third and fourth pairs of foot segments, and have a tubular valve groove extending forward. There are 4 pairs of feet, divided into 6 segments. There is a tarsal sensilla at the subend of the back of the tarsal segment of foot I, which is responsible for feeling.

Most leather mites live a spontaneous life, and a few live a parasitic life. Self-sustaining leather mites breed under dead branches and leaves, in grass and soil, in livestock manure piles and warehouse storage. Most of the parasitic mites live on the surface of the host; a few live inside the body, such as the nasal cavity, respiratory tract, external auditory canal, lungs, etc. Externally parasitic mites are divided into two types according to the length of their parasitism: ① Nest-dwelling type: The entire development and reproduction process is carried out in the host’s nest, and they only come into contact with the host when sucking blood, and there is no strict selection of the host. Sex, such as Haemoderma spp., Avian spp., Dermestra spp., etc. ② Hair-dwelling type: Parasitizes on the host body for a long time, rarely leaves the host, can live in its nest, and has obvious selectivity for the host, such as Hercules genus, Acarina genus, etc. Self-sustaining mites mainly prey on small arthropods and can also feed on decaying organic matter. Parasitic mites feed on the host’s blood and tissue fluid. Nest-dwelling leather mites have a larger blood-sucking capacity and stronger hunger resistance; hair-dwelling leather mites generally have a smaller blood-sucking capacity and have poor hunger resistance.

Dermatophytes can cause gamasidosis. Dermatophytes invade the human body and suck blood or tissue fluid, which can cause gamasidosis. The patient’s local skin appears red papules with a diameter of 0.5 to 1.0 cm, with traces of needle-sized thorns in the center. It is extremely itchy, and in severe cases, papular urticaria appears. The most common species of leathery mites that invade the human body are the burdock mites and the gallinaceous mites. In addition, diseases can also be transmitted: ⑴Epidemic hemorrhagic fever: It is a natural focal disease in rats, and the pathogen is a virus. Characterized by fever, bleeding tendency, shock and renal damage. Chinese scholars have confirmed that Haemorrhoea graminii, Erythrocarpus spp., Rat gnat mites, and Burdock’s avian mites are all naturally infected and can be transmitted through eggs. It is believed that Dermatophyte mites can act as vectors and reservoir hosts for epidemic hemorrhagic fever. ⑵Sylvan encephalitis: More than 10 species of leather mites are known to naturally carry the virus. The avian mites Burdock’s mites and gallbladder mites can experimentally infect animals and can be transmitted through eggs.��⑶Rickettsial pox: also known as herpetic rickettsiosis. It is a febrile disease associated with herpes caused by Rickettsia akari and transmitted through the eggs of Allodermanyssus sanguineus. ⑷Q fever: Q fever rickettsiae have been isolated many times from several species of parasitic mites in natural foci of Q fever. Blood mites, venomous mites, burdock mites, and gallbladder mites can infect animals through experiments, and the latter two can transmit pathogens through eggs. ⑸ Endemic typhus: The pathogen of this disease, Rickettsia mordensi, has been isolated from both the avian spiny mite and the poisonous mite. The former can experimentally infect animals and can be transmitted through eggs. ⑹ Bacterial diseases: The pathogen of tularemia has been isolated from several species of leather mites such as A. burnetii and Haematopsis griffoni. Yersinia pestis has also been isolated from several parasitic leather mites (such as A. burntii) and Y. pestis has been isolated. Both can be experimentally infected in animals and transmitted through eggs, but whether the latter can be transmitted in nature has not yet been confirmed.

3. ChildrenMites:

Chigger larvae have a wide host range, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates, mainly rodents, and some species can invade humans. Most species of chiggers have no specific host selectivity, but some species are specifically selective and only parasitize certain types of animals. Most chigger larvae parasitize outside the host body, mostly in thin and moist places, such as the ear sockets and perineum of mice, the groin, wing armpits of birds, and under the phosphorus plates of reptiles. In humans, it often parasitizes in the waist, armpits, groin, genitals, etc.

The adults and nymphs of chiggers live a free life, and the larvae live as parasites on the surfaces of livestock and other animals. In the past, it was called sand lice in traditional Chinese medicine books. It can cause rashes, local tissue necrosis of the skin and a severe infectious disease – scrub typhus. Most of its larvae are oval in shape, red, orange, light yellow or milky white. The body length is about 0.2mm when first hatched, and the body length is more than 0.5~1.0mm after full feeding. The insect body is divided into two parts: jaw body and body. The jaw body is located at the front end of the body and consists of one pair of chelicerae and pedipalps. The jaw base extends forward ventrally, forming a pair of chelicerae (galea) on the outside. There is a shield at the front end of the back of the body, which is rectangular, rectangular, pentagonal, semicircular or tongue-shaped. There are usually 5 hairs on the scute and 2 round sensillary bases in the middle, from which filamentous, feathery or club-shaped sensilla (sensillum) are born. Most species have 1 to 2 pairs of eyes on the left and right sides of the scute, located on the eye blades. There are horizontal rows of dorsal hairs on the body behind the scute, and the number of rows, number and shape vary depending on the species. The valve, if present, is located between the base of the palate and the first pair of basal segments.

The life cycle of chiggers is divided into seven stages: egg, prelarvae, larvae, nymph, nymph, pupa and adult. Larvae have 3 pairs of legs, and both nymphs and adults have 4 pairs of legs. Let’s take the chiggers in the ground as an example.

The female lays eggs in gaps on the surface of the soil. The eggs are spherical, piled, light yellow, and about 0.15mm in diameter. After 5 to 7 days, the larvae form inside the egg. The egg shell ruptures and a membrane-covered prelarva (prelarva) escapes. After another 10 days of development, the larvae emerge from the membrane. When encountering a host, it crawls onto the body to parasitize, stings the host in the thin and moist parts of the skin. After 2 to 3 days of full feeding, it falls into a gap in the ground. After 3 to 7 days, it remains motionless to form a nymphochrysalis, with the nymph inside the pupa. After maturity, it escapes from the back of the pupa. It takes about 12 days from the time when the larvae are immobile to when the nymphs hatch. The nymphs become immobile pupae (imagochrysalis) in 10 to 35 days, and the pupae develop into adults in 1 to 2 weeks. The shape of nymphs is similar to that of adults. Their bodies are mostly gourd-shaped, covered with dense hairs, and resemble red pompoms. They have 4 pairs of legs, the first pair of which is particularly long and has the function of antennae. After the male mite becomes sexually mature, the sperm-producing cells stick to the surface with filaments. The female mite ingests the sperm cells through the reproductive sucker and fertilizes them in the body. Eggs begin to be laid after 2 to 3 weeks, and 100 to 200 eggs are produced in one birth. It takes about 3 months to complete one generation.One to two generations are completed every year, and the average adult life span is 288 days.

It is reported that the Wenzhou chigger is the vector in some areas of Zhejiang, and there may also be chiggers the whiskers, etc. They are all sandy red small and medium-sized mite species. Its breeding sites are in places where the host frequently moves, such as moist streams and field banks, shrubs or grasses, and forest-covered leaf litter. In addition to humans, the hosts of chiggers include mammals, birds, and other species that have their own specialized chiggers. Most chigger larvae are ectoparasitic and bite in the ear sockets of the host. There can be several in each mouse’s ears. The control of chiggers includes rodent control, changing the living environment, drug control, and personal protection. Among them, the source of scrub typhus is Rickettsia orientalis, which is a microorganism between bacteria and viruses. The toxin-carrying young mites choose locations with high humidity and thin skin, insert their mouthparts into the epithelial tissue, and absorb tissue lymph. , while transmitting pathogens to people, the patient continued to have high fever, accompanied by lymphadenitis and dark red papules.

Chiggers can cause chigger dermatitis and spread the following diseases:

(1)． Chigger dermatitis (trombidosis): Because the saliva of chiggers can dissolve the host skin tissue and cause local coagulative necrosis, a dermatitis reaction can occur. The stung area may itch and develop papules, and sometimes secondary infection may occur.

(2)． Scrub typhus is an acute infectious disease caused by the bite of chigger larvae infected with Rickettsia (R. tsutsugamushi). Its clinical features include sudden onset, persistent high fever, rash, eschar and ulcers at the skin sting site, local or systemic superficial lymph node enlargement, etc. When chigger larvae sting the host, they inhale the pathogen into the body and pass it through the eggs to the next generation of larvae, and then pass it on to new hosts, including humans, through the sting. The main vector of disease in mainland my country is chiggers in the ground, which belongs to the summer and autumn type. There are also red chiggers in Taiwan. It has recently been confirmed that scrub typhus in northern Jiangsu is transmitted by Chiggers scutellariae and belongs to the autumn and winter type. Scrub typhus is mainly found in the east and west coastal areas of my country. In recent years, the disease has also been reported in Sichuan, Xinjiang, Shandong and Anhui.

(3)． Hemorrhagic fever: In recent years, some people in China have isolated this disease virus from chiggers. However, surveys in many epidemic areas during the epidemic season have not found the presence of chiggers.

4. Demodform mites:

Human Demodex is distributed worldwide, and foreign scholars report that the infection rate in the population is 27% to 100%. Infections are also common among domestic populations, with infection rates in various places ranging from 0.8% to 81.0%. The findings show that men are infected at a higher rate than women. The age of infection ranges from 4-month-old infants to 90-year-old people, and all age groups can be infected. The infection rate is highest among men and women between the ages of 30 and 60. The development of various stages of the life cycle of human Demodex must be carried out on the human body. Demodex folliculorum parasitizes hair follicles. There are often multiple worms living in a hair follicle, usually 6 to 18, and as many as 200. Demodex sebaceus often lives alone in sebaceous glands and hair follicles. Chinese scholars have observed that most of the adults of Demodex folliculorum are concentrated in the mouth of the hair follicles, with their jaws facing the bottom of the hair follicles, and each leg close to the hair follicle epithelium; while most of the adults of Demodex sebaceum are concentrated in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands. The body of the palate faces the glandular duct. The eggs and larvae of both species are in cysts and glands. The main parts of the human body that Demodex infests are: forehead, nose, nasal groove, scalp, chin, zygomaticus and external auditory canal. It can also infest the neck., shoulders, chest, nipples, labia majora, penis and anus, etc., Demodex mites mainly suck host cells and feed on sebaceous gland secretions. They also feed on sebum, keratin and cell metabolites.

Demodex, commonly known as hair follicle mites, belongs to the order Acariforms and the family Demodicidae. It is a type of permanent parasitic mite that lives in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands of humans and mammals. There are more than 140 species and subspecies known. There are only two species that parasitize the human body, namely Demodex folliculorum and Demodex sebaceum (D. brevis). The two types of Demodex mites that parasitize the human body are basically similar in shape. The mites are elongated, worm-like, milky white, and translucent. The adult body length is about 0.1~0.4mm, and the female is slightly larger than the male. The jaw body is wide and short and trapezoidal, located at the front end of the insect body. It has one pair of needle-shaped chelicerae, and the pedipalps are divided into three sections. The body is divided into two parts: the foot body and the end body. There are 4 pairs of legs on the ventral surface of the foot body, which are thick and short and have a bud-like shape. The male mite’s penis is located between the second pair of legs on the back of the body, and the female mite’s genital pore is between the fourth pair of legs on the ventral surface. Demodex folliculorum is longer and Demodex sebum is slightly shorter.

Demodex does not require light at all stages of its life cycle, but it is sensitive to temperature. The optimum temperature for development is 37°C. Its activity can increase as the temperature rises. 45°C is the peak of its activity, and 54°C is the lethal temperature. The mobility of Demodex sebum is significantly stronger than that of Demodex folliculorum, which may be related to the short body and well-developed claws of the former. Demodex has a certain degree of resistance to adverse environmental factors. For example, adults can live for about a week at 5°C, but can live for 1 to 2 days in dry air. Demodex mites are parasitic in large numbers in summer.

Demodex has a pathogenic effect and is an opportunistic pathogenic mite. Human Demodex mites can devour hair follicle epithelial cells, causing hair follicle expansion and epithelial degeneration. When there are many worms, they can cause hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis, and the capillaries in the dermis will proliferate and expand. Mites parasitic on sebaceous glands can also cause obstruction of sebaceous gland secretion. In addition, the metabolites of the worm can cause allergic reactions, and the movement of the worm in and out can carry pathogenic microorganisms, causing cell infiltration around the hair follicles and fibrous tissue hyperplasia. Therefore, clinical manifestations can include dilation of blood vessels at the tip of the nose, both sides of the nose, cheeks, and between the eyebrows, mild flushing of the affected area, followed by diffuse flushing and congestion on the skin, secondary erythema and eczema, or scattered red acne-like papules ranging from the size of a pin tip to the size of a millet. , abscesses, scabs and scaling, skin itching and burning sensation. According to extensive surveys, patients with skin diseases such as rosacea, folliculitis, acne, seborrheic dermatitis, and blepharitis have significantly higher infection rates and levels of Demodex parasitism than healthy people and For general skin patients, it shows that Demodex is one of the causes of the above symptoms.

5. Scabies mite:

The adult scabies mite has a nearly round or oval body, a raised back, and is milky white or light yellow. The size of female mites is 0.3~0.5×0.25~0.4mm; the size of male mites is 0.2~0.3×0.15~0.2mm. The jaws are short and located at the front end. The chelicerae are like pincers with small teeth at the tips, suitable for eating the cuticle tissue of the host’s skin. No eyes and valves. There are horizontal wavy stripes and rows of scaly skin spines on the back of the body, and there are several pairs of rod-shaped bristles and long bristles on the back half of the body. The ventral surface is smooth, with only a few setae and 4 pairs of legs. The legs are short and thick, divided into 5 segments, and are conical in shape. The distance between the front two pairs of feet and the rear two pairs of feet is relatively large, and there are horny protrusions at the base of the feet. The ends of the front two pairs of legs of both male and female mites have claw pads with long handles, called ambulacra, which are sensitive parts; the ends of the rear two pairs of legs are different in males and females. The females have long setae, while the male mites have The fourth pair of feet has suction pads at the end. The egg-laying hole of the female mite is located in the center in front of the two pairs of rear legs, in the shape of a transverse slit. The external genitalia of the male mite is located slightly behind the fourth pair of legs. The anus of both species is located in the middle of the rear edge of the body. Scabies mite is a permanent parasitic mite. It parasitizes in the epidermal layer of the skin of humans and mammals, causing a stubborn skin disease with severe itching, namely scabies.�. The scabies mite that parasitizes humans is Sarcoptes scabiei.

The life cycle of scabies mites is divided into five stages: egg, larvae, pronymph, metanymph and adult. Scabies mites parasitize between the cuticles of the epidermis of human skin, eat the cutin tissue, and use their chelicerae and claws at the end of the tarsus to dig a tunnel parallel to the body surface and tortuous under the skin, where the female lays eggs. . The eggs are round or oval, light yellow, with a thin shell and a size of about 80×180µm. They hatch into larvae in 3 to 5 days after being laid. The larvae have 3 pairs of legs, 2 pairs at the front of the body and 1 pair near the back end of the body. The larvae still live in the original tunnel, or dig another tunnel, and molt into pronymphs in 3 to 4 days. The nymph looks like an adult, with 4 pairs of legs. The genitalia of the anterior nymph have not yet appeared, and it molts into a posterior nymph after about 2 days. The egg-laying pore of the female metanymph is not fully developed, but the vaginal pore has been formed, allowing for mating. The nymphs then molt and become adults in 3 to 4 days. It takes 8 to 17 days to complete a generation’s life history.

Scabies mites usually mate on the surface of human skin at night, between male adults and female nymphs. Most male worms die shortly after mating; the female nymphs burrow into the host’s skin within 20 to 30 minutes after mating, molt into females, and lay eggs in the tunnel 2 to 3 days later. It can lay 2 to 4 eggs every day, and a total of 40 to 50 eggs can be laid in a lifetime. The life span of female mites is about 5 to 6 weeks.

Scabies mites often parasitize in the softer and thinner parts of human skin, such as between the fingers, the flexors of the wrist, the elbow fossa, the front and back of the armpits, the groin, the external genitalia, and under the breasts. In children, the skin of the whole body can be invaded. Scabies mites live deep in the cuticle of the host’s epidermis, feed on cuticle tissue and lymph fluid, and dig with their chelicerae and pretarsal claws, gradually forming a winding tunnel parallel to the skin. The tunnel length can reach 10~15mm. The tunnel dug by the female mite is as long as possible, with small longitudinal passages leading to the epidermis at regular intervals. Male mites and metanymphs can also dig tunnels individually, but for very short periods of time. Pronymphs and larvae cannot dig tunnels and only live in tunnels dug by female mites. Female mites can dig 0.5 to 5mm per day and generally do not penetrate deep into the cuticle. After mating and fertilization, the female mite is most active and can crawl 2.5cm per minute. This is also the period when it is easy to infect new hosts.

The activity, lifespan and ability of female adult worms to infect humans after leaving the host are related to the temperature and relative humidity of the environment. The lifespan is longer when the temperature is lower and the humidity is higher, while high temperature and low humidity are detrimental to its survival. The optimum temperature for female mites to spread is 15 to 31°C, and the effective spread time limit is 1 to 6.95 days. Within this time limit, the mites can move normally and have the ability to infect.

Scabies is widespread and occurs throughout the world. Scabies most commonly occurs in preschool children and young adults, but it can also occur in other age groups. The main mode of infection is through direct contact, such as shaking hands with the patient, sleeping in the same bed, etc. Especially during sleep at night, scabies mites crawl and mate on the host’s skin, giving more opportunities for transmission. Scabies mites can survive for 3 to 10 days after leaving the host, and can still lay eggs and hatch. Therefore, they can also be transmitted indirectly through the patient’s clothes, gloves, shoes and socks, etc. Resting and changing rooms in public bathrooms are important places for social communication.

The main diseases caused by scabies mites are: The skin lesions at the parasitic sites of scabies mites are small papules, vesicles and tunnels, mostly symmetrically distributed. Scabies papules are light red, about the size of a pinhead, and can be sparsely distributed with normal skin in the middle; they can also be densely clustered but not fused. There are often insect bodies hidden at the blind end of the tunnel, appearing as small gray-white dots the size of pinheads. Severe itching is a prominent symptom of scabies. The cause of itching is the mechanical stimulation of female mites when digging tunnels and the action of excretions and secretions produced in daily life, resulting in allergic reactions.Consistent. The itching is mild during the day, worsens at night, and gets worse after sleeping. It may be due to the stronger activity of scabies mites in warm bedding at night or the stronger feeding at night, which can affect sleep. Due to severe itching and scratching, secondary infection can occur, leading to abscesses, folliculitis or boils. Scabies mites found on many mammals can occasionally infect humans, but the symptoms are mild.

6. Powder mites: Powder mites are very small, only 0.2-0.5mm long, oval, and most live freely. The main medically important mealy mites include Tyrophagus putrugans (a worldwide promulgation that breeds in foods such as flour, peanuts, cheese, starch, egg powder, coconut powder, etc.), and mealy mites that breed in cereals, flour, dried fruits, etc. ), lactocarpa mites (which breed in stored foods that contain a lot of sugar), house mites (which are distributed worldwide and breed in flour, wheat, tobacco, cheese, ham and other foods), etc. The above mites can cause mite dermatitis, intestinal mites, pulmonary mites and mite allergies, etc. There are about 10 kinds of related mealy mites that affect human health. The life cycle of mealybugs is divided into six stages: egg, larvae, first nymph, second nymph (dormant period), third nymph and adult. The most important thing to control against mealy mites is to keep the food dry in the warehouse and use safe insecticides when necessary.

3. Research on mites in indoor environments

It is known that household textiles that are usually clean are ideal places for dust mites to live, even under normal living conditions (room temperature and humidity). Household textiles such as bedding are usually washed at room temperature and cannot be completely cleaned, while floor coverings and furniture cloths are usually cleaned with household vacuum cleaners, so that the remaining microorganisms on them can quickly return to a huge density. In a warm and humid indoor environment, good conditions for rapid reproduction of microorganisms and dust mites are created. At the same time, the concentration of allergens has also increased sharply, leading to the deterioration of environmental sanitation, and the production of undesirable gases and mold spots due to the metabolism of microorganisms. In particular, textile floor coverings in public places such as hotels, lactation rooms and medical clinics are often a source of infectious diseases.

Japan is a humid island country, and the harm of mites is even more serious. About 50% of the anti-mite textiles produced in my country are exported to Japan. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the research status of mites in Japan. According to a survey of 40 residential houses in Japan, there are about 100 species of mites detected in ordinary households. Among them, 40 species have a high detection rate, and more than 10 species are native mites. In recent years, among the mites detected, dust mites, indoor oribatid mites and claw mites are the most common; secondly, the number of mites increases in the order of accessory mites, mealybugs and flesh mites. The types of mites with high detection rates in households and their harmfulness are shown in Table 1;

Table 1 Mites detected in ordinary Japanese households and their harm

Among the indoor dust mites in Japan, pink spider mites and garden spider mites account for about 60-90% of the mites in indoor dust. Stinging claw mites with mosquito-like properties were detected in indoor dust, with rough-footed mites, thin-legged mites, giant mulberry mites, and onychopod claw mites accounting for about 50%. Others include lice mites, flat mites, burr mites, etc., but the detection rate is very low. The harm caused by spiny mites, depending on the degree of itching, can cause rash, dermatitis, and redness from the stings.

Suborder name	Type	Main living place	Pest	Insect form
Avalveless suborder	(Dermatophyta) Pink spider mite Garden spider mite House dust mites	Most live freely in indoor dust, such as mats, carpets, bedding, clothing, and cloth toys (high adaptability to humidity)	Allergic bronchitis, tracheitis, rhinitis, dermatitis, ocular allergy	The adult body length is about 0.4 mm, milky white, with two pairs of setae on the back of the abdomen
	Zengtong Grain Mite	Living in straw bedding and stored food (the adaptability range of temperature and humidity is small, and it is produced in large quantities when the humidity is greater than 80%)	Dermatitis, discomfort, food quality deterioration	The adult body length is 0.4mm, and there are many long bristles on the body surface
Prevalve suborder	(Claw mites) Molecule Caropsis Rough-footed fly Southern foot mite	Straw mats, carpets, etc. (most likely to occur in homes 2-3 years after construction)	The bite causes the skin to turn red with itching and rash
	Wave-footed mite	Lives in bedding and loves to eat fungi
Mesovalvian suborder	Tick Common mite	Living on the bodies and nests of mice Living in house dust	Bites, sucks blood, redness, rash	The adult body is about 0.6 mm long and is covered with light yellow thick plates with a valve between the 3rd and 4th toes
Cryptomata	Oribatid mites in the house Fancy golden-winged mite	In newly built houses and houses with high humidity, fungi love to eat

The skin flakes shed by the human body every day are enough to feed 1 million mites. Mites excrete dozens of times a day. The excrement is extremely dry. Each excrement can be broken into several small particles. They are extremely light and can float in the air. These decomposed tiny particles fly into the air when people move around, make beds, clean houses, etc., especially when they are sprayed out by air conditioners. These are extremely strong allergens. If people with allergic constitution come into contact or inhale it, it will induce diseases, which are manifested in the respiratory tract as allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma; and in the skin as dermatitis.

1. The relationship between indoor environment and microbial content in indoor dust

According to Japanese research results, indoor environmental conditions are easily affected by outdoor wind speed. Among the environmental factors are temperature, humidity and dust concentration in the air, among which dust concentration and humidity are particularly closely related to microorganisms.

The number of bacteria measured by using electric vacuum cleaners in three houses in Osaka City was: 2.1×10⁵～1.2×10′ strains/g on the carpet and 1.3×10^{5 on the mattress} ～1.2×10⁷ strains/g, the fungal numbers are: 1.4×10⁴～1.5×10⁶ on the carpet strains/g, 9.2×10³～1.1×IO⁵ strains/g on the mattress, that is, the number of microorganisms on the carpet is 10 times that of the mattress. The composition of mites in indoor dust is shown in Figure 2; according to the above-mentioned sampling survey, the Epidemoptidae in indoor dust of three households was 89-98% on blanket beds and 72-84% on straw beds. . This result is consistent with the report of Japanese scholar Yoshikawa who investigated the common mite species in households: Dermoididae, Haplochthoniidae, Hayletidae and Tarsonemidae. .

Japanese scholars also made a relationship between the number of bacteria and fungi in indoor dust collected by household electric vacuum cleaners and the total number of mites, as shown in Figures 3 and 4 respectively.

Figure 3

There is a linear relationship between the number of bacteria in indoor dust and the total number of mites, as shown in the following formula: (o:blanket bed·:straw bed) y=1.9×lO4x+5.48 The correlation coefficient of the above formula is r=0.810, the dispersion ratio is 30.61, and the F test has 99% reliability.

Figure 4

There is a linear relationship between the number of fungi in indoor dust and the total number of mites, as shown in the following formula: (o:blanket bed·:straw bed) y=2.3×1O-4x+4.26 The correlation coefficient of the above formula is r=0.899, the dispersion ratio is 27.48, and the F test has 99% reliability.

To sum up, the number of bacteria, fungi and mites in indoor dust are closely related. The author believes that this is because all three require the same living environment. A warm, humid and food-rich environment is suitable for both bacteria and fungi to survive. , also suitable for the growth and reproduction of mites. Some information claims that “dust mites feed on dander shed by the human body, but human dander must be degraded by bacteria before it can be digested by dust mites, and dust mite excrement provides nutrients for the development of fungal spores, so dust mites and There is a symbiotic relationship between fungi. Therefore, additives with antimicrobial properties can effectively kill fungi, thereby cutting off this biological chain, thereby eliminating dust mites. “The author thinks this is unscientific. In mite laboratories and many mite laboratories at home and abroad, the feed for raising mites is flour, milk powder, etc., rather than “skin + fungus (mold)”. In fact, many things such as human body and other animals, insect excrement and secretions, cottonseed cake, flour, milk powder, fungi, etc. are food for mites.

Section 3, anti-mite finishing agent

1. The principle of preventing mites

There are two ways to prevent mites, one is to kill mites, and the other is to repel mites. To kill mites, insecticides are used to kill them through contact and stomach poisoning. Repelling mites can be divided into touch, smell and taste repellents. The mechanism of action of currently used organic repellents, such as pyrethroids, acts on the nervous system of mites through contact, while toluamide repellents act on the mites’ olfactory organs through vaporization. The sense of smell is the use of volatile substances, such as pheromones; the sense of taste is such as organic acids. But the most effective way to repel mites is to use the combined effects of smell and taste. In addition, the inorganic repellent does not rely on its evaporation to prevent mites, but its contact repellent effect. Various repellents have different effects on repelling mites. The order of their repellent effects is as follows: amide, imine > ester, lactone = alcohol, phenol > ether, acetal > acid > anhydride > halide = nitrate Base compounds>amine, cyanide, etc.

Repellents are generally less toxic. In addition, since the remains of pests killed by pesticides are also allergens for allergic reactions, the repellent mechanism has great advantages. In order to give consumers a sense of security, agents emphasizing repellent properties have been developed in anti-mite processing. There are several types of this drug that have been developed, some are used alone, and some are used together to produce a synergistic effect. Among the anti-mite processing agents confirmed to be effective, there are mainly amide compounds, cyanide compounds, aromatic compounds (carboxylic acid esters), and borneol derivative series.

In order to improve the washing resistance, various technologies including microencapsulation technology, bonding technology, cross-linking technology, etc. are used to enable the anti-mite finishing agent to form an elastic film on the surface of the fiber and have good adhesion. cooperation, resulting in better durability.

2. Basic conditions that anti-mite preparations for textiles should meet:

1. Highly active against dust mites;

2. It has good anti-mite effect and can withstand processing conditions (such as heat, etc.);

3. No odor; does not reduce the strength, feel, hygroscopicity and breathability of the fabric

4. Good compatibility with other additives;

5. No color change after processing;

6. Good durability, that is, good resistance to washing and weathering;

7. Suitable for both natural fibers and synthetic fibers.

8. Security

Multiple tests including oral acute toxicity, mutagenicity tests and skin irritation tests were conducted on anti-mite finishing agents to confirm their safety. It is required that the anti-mite finishing agent must not affect the physiological functions of the human body, be safe, and be especially negative for skin irritation of people with variable constitutions and infants and young children. At the same time, it is also required that the anti-mite treated fibers or fabrics must not produce toxic compounds during subsequent textile, dyeing and finishing processes and use.

3. Types of anti-mite finishing agents

The main anti-mite finishing agents currently available for textile use are:

Tests and applications by many authoritative health units at home and abroad, including the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, have proven that: Texnology® FCK344 anti-mite and anti-mite finishing agent, anti-mite and anti-bacterial finishing fabrics have obvious anti-mite, anti-bacterial, deodorizing and anti-mildew properties , Antipruritic effect, the dust mite repellent rate is as high as 99%, and it can completely kill Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (domestic popular strains), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (international standard drug-resistant strains), Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Meningococcus, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Typhimurium, Pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton gypsum, The antibacterial rate against harmful bacteria such as Trichophyton rubrum, Penicillium, and Aspergillus niger is still over 99.95% after 100 washes; the anti-mite and antibacterial finishing fabric is non-irritating to the skin, has no allergic reaction, is non-toxic to the human body, and is comfortable to wear. It can effectively prevent the infection of asthma, trachoma, conjunctivitis, gonorrhea, cervicitis, prostatitis, respiratory infections and other diseases. It has significant effect on the prevention and treatment of athlete’s foot, jock itch, eczema, boils, sweat odor, foot odor, and itchy skin. Effect.

3. Mark-amid 1-20

Mark-amid 1-20 is produced by SCN Company and its main ingredients are. Mark-amid 1-20 appears as a light yellow oily liquid, insoluble in water, and has a unique camphor smell. Bp.95℃/0.06. Acid-resistant, not sweat-resistant, heat-resistant and UV-resistant. After experiments, the oral acute toxicity (rat) LD₅₀1000 mg/kg. It has mite-killing effect and a slight camphor smell. It is a post-processing agent on the joints of carpets and chair covers. There are two types: emulsified type and oily type. It is effective against dust mites, but its use is limited due to its strong odor.

4. Dehydroacetic acid (such as Anincen CBP)

Anincen CBP is a dehydroacetic acid anti-mite agent produced by Japan Zhongfang Company. Its main ingredients are: white, odorless crystals in appearance, insoluble in water, m.p.l09℃, b.p.27O℃. Its chemical structure is an acid, which is very stable to acids and reacts with bases to form salts. After experiments, the oral acute toxicity (rat) LD₅₀500 mg/kg. It has a repellent effect and has no odor, so it can be used for post-processing of bedding and bedding. Effective against dust mites.

5. Toluamide compounds

For example, Germany’s Herst Company’s MITE and Japan’s Teisan Pharmaceutical Company’s DEDT. Among them, Herst’s MITE is a nano-molecular microcapsule of this type of compound, which has reliable safety and durability. DEDT appears as a light yellow oily liquid, insoluble in water, and has a slight amine odor. b.p.l60℃/19℃. Not resistant to acid and alkali. Acute oral administration (LD50), rat 1600 mg/kg, rabbit 2000 mg/kg; acute dermal (LD50), rabbit 1650 mg/kg, rat 3170 mg/kg; acute inhalation (LD50), rabbit 19635 mg/kg; skin patch test, Quasi-negative (2B). This type of anti-mite agent has a repellent effect on mites and is used for post-processing of quilt cotton batting.

The performance measurement results of the finished Freshsleep (フレツシュスリ-プ) product are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Effect and durability of repelling mites (Osaka Chemical Test Method)

Sample		Repellency rate (%)
Freshskeep merchandise After five commercial washes		98.2±1.7 86.2±3.0
After five commercial dry cleanings	Petroleum solvents	92.0±3.0
	Perchlorethylene	87.0±3.0

The results of the anti-mite effect and quality stability of industrially produced products are shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Anti-mite effect data (1992) N=41

average	99.5%
Standard deviation	0.02
Large value	99.9
Small value	98.8
Dispersion coefficient	0.0409

According to the research on the relationship between the mite repellent rate and the dosage of pesticides and the number of washing times, according to the regression analysis results, the JIS standard 103 method was used for washing, and after dry cleaning 5 times, the repellent rate was about 58.0%. If the maternal regression is 95% reliable, Based on the degree of area, the repellent rate is 49.5~6.6%, while the measured value (HL=6) is 51.5%. So that microencapsulation technology can be used to improve its wash resistance.

6. Aromatic carboxylic acid esters (such as Markamide-mit, EDEC, DE)

The appearance of Markamide EDEC is a colorless and transparent oily liquid with almost no odor. Specific gravity: 1.10-1.15 (20℃). It is a weak anionic compound with a flash point of above 145℃ (closed container). It is stable to acids and weak alkalis. It will decompose in strong alkalinity, but will hardly decompose after being kept near the boiling point (300°C) for 10 minutes. But below the boiling point, it will evaporate with water vapor in water. It is resistant to ultraviolet rays, will not change color during the finishing process, is highly safe and non-irritating to the skin.

The effects of killing mites and repelling mites on cotton fabrics (used as cushion fabrics) finished with Markamide EDEC at different concentrations are shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6 respectively:

EDEC processing capacity % (w/w) Figure 5 The relationship between processing volume and killing

EDEC processing capacity % (w/w) Figure 6 Processing capacity and repellent rate

It can be seen from Figure 5 that the concentration of EDEC above 0.5% can kill 100% of D.F. To kill T.P, the concentration of EDEC needs to be above 0.75%, and the susceptibility of EDEC to C.M seems to be very low. It can be seen from Figure 6 that to repel D.F, only a concentration of EDEC above 0.1% is required. Moreover, there is a good relationship between killing mites and repelling mites, as shown in Figure 7:

The relationship between the anti-mite effect of EDEC-treated D.F.

The durability of the mite repellent effect of EDEC-finished cotton cloth is shown in Table 4;

Table 4 Durability of the mite repellent effect of EDEC finished cotton cloth (Osaka Prefectural Law)

After finishing		Organizing samples (1)	Organize samples (2)
		97.5	99.7
Housewashed	After 10 times	82.4	86.4
	After 15 times	75.0	84.3
	After 20 times	68.1	73.5
Dry cleaned	After 5 times	92.6	95.8
	After 10 times	90.2	93.7
	After 20 times	85.2	89.3
Machine-dried	40 hours	94.0	97.3
	80 hours	91.6	93.1
Chlorine bleach	10ppm	91.8	94.2
	20ppm	85.9	90.6

Note: EDEC concentration during sorting (1)＜(2)

The safety performance of Markamide EDEC is as follows;

Acute Orally Toxicity	1. Rat LD5	8.6 g/kg
		7 ml/㎏
	2. Mouse LD50	6.2 g/kg
	3. Guinea pig LD50	8.6 g/kg
	4. No effect	0.4～0.8 g/㎏
Transcutaneous	l.Rabbit LD50		＞5.8 g/㎏
	2. No effect in guinea pigs		0.5 g/㎏
Inhalation	l. Mouse LD50		4890 mg/㎡
	2. Rat LD50		751O mg/㎡
Vein	l.Rabbit LD50		0.1 g/㎏
Intra-abdominal	1. Mouse LD50		2749 mg/㎡
	2. Rat LD50		5058 mg/㎡
Variability	l. Microbial variability		Negative
	2. Induce chromosomal abnormalities		Negative
Carcinogenicity	1. 1987 NTP		—
	The second year of the white rat

Note: 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent different literature values ​​

This type of anti-mite agent has repellent and killing effects. It is more effective against dust mites than against white mites. It is highly safe and odorless. The bedding cloth is processed with EDEC (emulsified type), and the bedding cotton wadding is processed with ED (oily type). Mix in.

7. Organophosphorus system (such as Daiazi–none MC)

The main ingredient of Daiazi–none MC is that it appears as a light yellow oily liquid, is insoluble in water, and has a specific odor. b.p.83℃/O.002℃. Not acid-resistant and heat-resistant. After experiments, the oral acute toxicity (rat) LD₅₀340 mg/kg. It has acaricidal effect and is effective against dust mites, but less effective against mealy mites and claw mites. Often mixed in carpet adhesives.

8. Pyrethroid series (such as Ales-lin, fles-lin)

Ales-lin and fles-lin are produced by Teijin. The main ingredients are mosquito coils and electric mosquito coils. They can be impregnated and adsorbed, microencapsulated, and mixed and used as adsorption powder carriers. They have acute toxicity after oral administration (large Inhalation acute toxicity (white rat) LD₅₀500 mg/kg. Inhalation acute toxicity (rat) LD₅₀2000 mg/kg or more.

9. Anti-mite agent ActiguardAM87-12

This product is produced by the Swiss company Santized and its main ingredients are—-Attachment

The company�Application trials were carried out in 48 student bedrooms at the University of Strasbourg. The 48 bedrooms are divided into four groups (that is, 12 rooms in each group), all with new mattresses, carpets and mattresses, and lived according to their own customary ways.

The first group has not been treated with anti-mite treatment, the second group has all been treated with anti-mite treatment, the third group has only the carpets with anti-mite treatment, and the fourth group has only the mattresses with anti-mite treatment.

After using the bedroom for one year, measure the number of allergens in the room, and calculate the first set of measured data as 100%. The second group of mattresses had only 8% allergens and carpets 4%. The situation remains similar two years later. The number of allergens on the carpets treated with anti-mite treatments in the third group was 9%, while the number of allergens on the mattresses without anti-mite treatments was the same as in the first group. The allergens on the mattresses treated with anti-mite treatment in the fourth group were 9%. Strangely, the allergens found on the carpets without anti-mite treatment were only 55%. The reason is yet to be ascertained. As long as it is cleaned by anti-mites, the hygienic conditions of the bedroom can indeed be improved.

10. Phthalophene imine series (such as N-monofluorotrichloromethylthiophthalimide)

N-Fluorotrichloromethylthiophthalimide has acaricidal effect and is effective against dust mites. It is used as a polyester quilt after processing with brown cotton batting.

11. Others (such as organic acid ester compounds, terpenoid compounds: natural cypress essential oil)

Its main ingredients are, produced by Yamato Company, oral acute toxicity (mouse) LD₅₀8000 mg/kg, oral acute toxicity (mouse) LD₅₀781 mg/catties. It has a repellent effect on mites and can be used for post-processing of cotton, polyester/cotton and polyester bedding. It has a mite-killing effect and antibacterial and deodorizing effect. It can be used for post-processing of cotton and polyester/cotton bedding.

12. Natural repellents

Bioneem, a concentrate extracted and developed from the seed oil of the Neem tree in India, is the nemesis of mites and has achieved ground-breaking success. It is completely non-toxic to humans and mammals and can prevent the growth and reproduction of these insects. Used for anti-mite finishing of textiles, it can have long-term effects that last for several years. The oil content of Neem seeds reaches 40%, which can be extracted by pressing or using organic solvents (or supercritical gases). Its main components are similar to other vegetable oils (such as olive oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, etc.) and are different from general edible oils. It contains a lot of bitter ingredients and steroids, which have a significant inhibitory effect on insects. Among them, azadirachtiue can hinder the growth and reproduction of many kinds of insects, and salinine is an effective repellent. Many effective ingredients have also been purified to inhibit insects. As a result of the cooperation of each ingredient, only a very small amount can be completely controlled. Such harmful insects. Just spray Bioneem on the fabric at the post-finishing stage.

13. Inorganic repellents

One type of inorganic pest repellent is in the form of colloids. Although the amount is small, there are many particles, which will increase the frequency of contact between the colloidal particles and pests, and has a satisfactory repellent effect. In addition, it can be applied to substrates and has low processing costs. This colloidal repellent is 50 Angstroms (5um) in size and is a neutral to slightly alkaline translucent green liquid. The active ingredient is copper, which is fixed on the titanium oxide matrix, and the solvent is water. Because it is a colloid, it is greatly affected by other substances. This repellent is anionic and is not easily affected by the presence of anionic or nonionic substances. However, it is prone to gelation when coexisting with cationic substances. In addition, for the stability of pH, the neutral range of pH=4-10 is usually used.

Section 4, Anti-mite technology and development of anti-mite fabrics

There are three main categories of methods to prevent mites on textiles: one is to prevent mites from breeding, such as killing mites and trapping. The second is to prevent mites from approaching, such as repellent methods. The third is to prevent mites from invading, such as the blocking method. Acaricide method is an important anti-mite measure. Among them, methods such as sunlight, heating, electromagnetic waves, and infrared rays can dry fabrics and destroy the living conditions of mites. When its moisture content is below 10%, it will die. Chemical miticides are also important, such as using pyrethrum extract isoborneol, dehydroacetic acid, aromatic carbonates, diphenyl ether, etc. The trapping method is to lure mites and then kill them. This kind of lure includes sexual menstruation inducement, food inducement, egg laying inducement and pheromone inducement. The repellent method is to use repellents, which are substances with odors and tastes that scare mites, such as the use of repellents such as phenylamide aromatic carboxylic acid esters and β-naphthol. The third blocking method is to use dense fabrics to prevent mites from passing through. In some cases, repellents are used to further enhance this blocking effect.

Like other functional fabrics, there are various technologies for making textiles have anti-mite functions. The production methods of anti-mite fabrics include: functional fiber method, fabric finishing method, and high-density fabric method. Detailed introduction below.

1、Functional fiber method

This method is to add the anti-mite finishing agent to the fiber-forming polymer and spin it to make the anti-mite fiber.

By this method, fiber materials can be given anti-mite properties. There are two specific implementation methods: one is to add an anti-mite finishing agent during the polymerization process, and then spin it; the other is to make an anti-mite masterbatch, and then mix it with the polymer slices, and then add it to the polymer. During the spinning process, anti-mite finishing agents are added to the fibers to chemically modify the fibers. The latter method is often used to develop anti-mite fiber and anti-mite cotton.

For example, the anti-mite finishing agent Texnology® FCK344 is mixed with polyester polymer chips to obtain the polymer that constitutes the skin component (containing 1-3%). On the other hand, polyethylene terephthalate is used as the core component, and together with the polymer constituting the skin component, it is melted and compounded and spun, and then heat-treated at 125°C for 20 minutes to produce an anti-mite effect Composite fiber with skin-core structure.

Japan Zhongfang Company uses acrylic fiber as the base material, and coats it with various anti-mite finishing agents (benzenamide compounds, pyrethrum, diphenyl ether or organophosphorus) when it is in a gel state, so that the anti-mite finishing agent can enter the surface of the fiber. Under this, its anti-mite properties are improved. Teisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. produces anti-mite fibers by treating undrawn polyester yarn with anti-mite treatment and then heating and drawing it. The Japanese company Toray has been very effective in developing anti-mite materials. The anti-mite polyester fiber “Kepach-f” and the anti-mite mattress “CLINICFUTON” are its series of products. The anti-mite agent used in “Kepach-f” is a mixture of special quaternary ammonium salt compounds and specific pyrethrum extracts. “CLINICFUTON” developed by combining “Kepach-f” with high-density fabrics enjoys a high reputation in the Japanese market. The developer once published a paper on the anti-mite effect of this bedding at the 25th Japan Children’s Allergy Society. This study was conducted on 22 families involving children with asthma. They used “CLINICFUTON” quilts and 100% polyester quilts respectively. The children, their siblings and their parents conducted a comparative test. This test was used at the same time in the same room. Drying, storage and other conditions are the same, and mites are collected before and after use. As a result, the number of mites on the “CLINICFUTON” bedding was 90% less than the number of mites on the comparison sample, proving its anti-mite properties.

Multifunctional anti-mite and anti-bacterial agents and anti-mite and anti-bacterial masterbatch suitable for cotton, linen and their blended fibers have now been developed. And using the anti-mite finishing agent Texnology® FCK344, we have successfully developed an anti-mite and antibacterial viscose filament with dual anti-mite and antibacterial effects. According to relevant authoritative testing institutions such as the Chinese Center for Disease Control and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Military Medical Research Institute, the fiber It has excellent anti-mite and anti-bacterial properties: the repellent rate of mites reaches more than 99.9%, and the anti-bacterial rate reaches more than 99.9%. At the same time, the fiber also has good safety, durability and post-processing resistance.

People often blend anti-mite chemical fibers with natural fibers to combine the comfort and anti-mite properties of natural fibers. However, the pre-treatment of ordinary natural fabrics generally requires processes such as caustic soda scouring, chlorine and oxygen double bleaching, and strong alkali mercerization. Since the anti-mite finishing agent used may not be resistant to acid, alkali or oxidation, reduction, etc., the anti-mite fibers and fabrics produced therefrom will have some special requirements for the dyeing and finishing process. This requires that during the dyeing and finishing process, both the anti-mite effect and the characteristics of anti-mite fibers and fabrics must be taken into consideration. Otherwise, it will directly affect the anti-mite effect of the anti-mite fabric. In order to ensure the anti-mite effect of the product, it is usually treated with the anti-mite anti-mite finishing agent Texnology® FCK344 to obtain the dual effect of anti-mite and anti-mite.

2Fabric finishing method

The human body constantly produces fluid secretions in the form of sweat, grease, and skin exfoliation, which provide the best breeding ground for organic microorganisms on the skin. Between fabric and skin there is an ideal environment for microorganisms to thrive – moisture and warmth. Mites can multiply by the thousands without attention, resulting in a reduced sense of hygiene, bad odors due to microbial metabolism, and even skin infections. Textiles are generally washed at 60°C. Even if they are washed carefully and look clean, mites and germs still survive at this temperature. The anti-bacterial and anti-mite treatment agent used to finish the fabric has anti-bacterial and anti-mite effects, depriving mites and bacteria of nourishing conditions, making them unable to reproduce.

Anti-mite finishing is a processing technology that uses anti-mite agents to treat fabrics to obtain anti-mite properties and keep textiles clean and hygienic. Its purpose is not only to keep the fabric clean, but more importantly, to prevent infectious diseases, ensure the safety, health and comfort of the human body, reduce the cross-infection rate in the public environment, and enable the fabric to gain new health care functions. Anti-mite finishing fabrics can be widely used in people’s underwear, towels, bath towels, sheets, quilt covers, blankets, decorative fabrics, carpets, air filter materials, etc., and have significant social benefits.

Fabric anti-mite finishing technology is an edge technology that combines modern medicine, fine chemicals and new dyeing and finishing technologies. The key issues are how to design and synthesize the molecular structure of the anti-mite agent from the chemical aspect; from the medical aspect, the effect and safety of the anti-mite agent must be studied; from the dyeing and finishing aspect, the combination of the anti-mite agent and fiber and its effect on The influence of fabric fastness, strength, whiteness and breathability, etc. The Japanese pay special attention to the problem of anti-mites and began to develop anti-mite fabrics in the 1980s. A variety of products have been put on the market. The anti-mite fabrics developed by Toray and Toyo Textile Co., Ltd. both have good results. It is currently the only manufacturer in China that mass-produces fabric anti-mite agents. Test results from domestic authoritative testing institutions show that the fabrics after its anti-mite and antibacterial treatment are non-toxic and have no allergic reaction to the skin. The repellent rate for dust mites, leather mites, chiggers, etc. is greater than 93%, and the repellent rate after 50 washes is greater than 85%. It has a significant effect on preventing skin itching and asthma.

The anti-mite finishing method is to apply an anti-mite finishing agent to the fabric to achieve the anti-mite effect. This is a conventional technology, and its implementation methods include spraying, padding, coating, etc. The key to this technology lies in the selection of anti-mite finishing agents and the preparation of finishing agents. The anti-mite agent is put into microcapsules and can be bonded to the fabric through film-forming materials such as resin. The anti-mite agent and organic siloxane are made into a coating liquid for easier use… There are various methods, and this type of post-finishing is used The most common anti-mite agents include chemical substances such as phenylamide, naphthol compound isoborneol, ethyl thiocyanate, and plant-based substances such as pyrethrum extract, eucalyptus oil, and persimmon astringent.

In addition, dissolve the anti-mite finishing agent in the “shale tar A” solvent, use sorbic acid sol 2942S, heptane sol 100 and calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate as emulsifiers, and stir thoroughly to form a uniform anti-mite finishing agent Lotion. The anti-mite finishing agent emulsion is then mixed with a latex liquid of polyacrylonitrile resin, polyester resin, and polyurethane to obtain an anti-mite treatment liquid. The method of treating fabrics with anti-mite treatment liquid is as follows: soak cotton cloth and polyester/cotton (65:35) blended fabric in anti-mite treatment liquid, dry it with a pad car until the liquid content rate is 80%, and then heat it at 80℃ Dry for 5 minutes, then heat treat at 130°C for 1 minute. After such treatment, the fiber and its fabrics can be given a good anti-mite effect.
According to reports, it is also possible to use the emulsion of isocyanothioacetate and the emulsion of polyester copolymer to be treated in the same bath to obtain a durable anti-mite effect. The polyester copolymer is emulsified and dispersed in water with nonionic or anionic surfactants to form an emulsion. As an anti-mite finishing agent, isocyanothioacetate is emulsified and dispersed in water with nonionic or anionic surfactants to form an emulsion. After the polyester fabric is padded (liquid entrainment rate is 80%), dried (100°C), and then heat treated at 180°C for 2-4 minutes to improve the washability of the anti-mite effect.

The Swiss company Santized has developed an anti-wrinkle and anti-mite finishing process for garments. The sequence of finishing processes is fabric garment processing, pre-treatment washing (enzyme washing), drying (cloth pH 6-7), impregnation with anti-wrinkle liquid (pH 5±0.5), Dehydration (60-80% humidity), drying (below 100-110℃, 10-20% humidity), shaping and pressing (140℃ 20s), inspection before entering the baking oven, oven baking (145, 155℃× 5. 15min), cooling and packaging. Then carry out anti-mite treatment, then cool and package. Antibacterial agents currently used in large quantities in ChinaMite finishing agent Texnology®FCK344()

⑴Domestic brand products must not only meet the standard requirements in the anti-mite and anti-bacterial effect test, but also make consumers clearly feel the anti-mite, anti-bacterial, deodorant, anti-mildew and anti-itch effects during use, so it is recommended to use formula a.

⑵ Products exported to the United States, Japan, Western Europe, and Australia are required to meet foreign standards in the anti-mite and antibacterial effect test, and formula b can meet these requirements.

3High-density fabric method

This method is derived from plastic film, but plastic film is not breathable and feels stuffy. The anti-mite effect is achieved through the high-density fabric itself. This method is an isolation method. This method mainly relies on the tight weaving or microporous structure of the fabric itself to prevent mites from invading or penetrating the fabric, but it cannot repel or kill mites. If this kind of high-density fabric is used to make sheets, the mites on the sheets cannot enter the mattress under the sheets, but the mites can still rely on human body secretions to survive and reproduce. For example: Tyvekò, produced exclusively by DuPont in the United States, is this material.

Tyvekò is a special fabric composed of extremely fine high-density polyethylene (HDPE) fibers and made by DuPont’s original flash evaporation method. The fineness of the monofilaments that make up Tyvek is about 0.5 microns, which is breathable, but cannot penetrate dust, liquid water, oil, dander, etc., and is invisible to the naked eye, but its diameter is much larger than 0.5 microns (the size of a mite’s body) At about 300 microns, its feces is between 10 and 40 microns), so it is also impermeable. Similar materials include polytetrafluoroethylene laminated composite fabrics, coated fabrics, etc. In addition to the function of physically isolating mites, this type of material also has special properties such as dustproof, waterproof, anti-chemical leakage, breathable, flexible, light, and warm.

Nowadays, anti-mite fabrics have been used by many bedding and mattress manufacturers in European and American countries. In China, some excellent home textile companies are gradually adopting JLSUN^® anti-mite textiles.

Section 5. Test method for anti-mite effect

Although human research on mites has a history of more than 100 years, the standardization of testing for killing or repelling mites only took place in the past 10 years. At present, domestic institutions engaged in testing the anti-mite performance of fabrics include the Academy of Military Medical Sciences of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army and the Mite Laboratory.

To determine the number of mites on textiles, the traditional method mainly uses an electric sweeper to attract textile products (such as mattresses, beddings, and carpets).etc.) and count their number. This method is troublesome, time-consuming and not stable enough. For example, when vacuuming on straw mats (mats) and blankets, the dust removal rate of all household vacuum cleaners in one vacuum is less than 20%, and the dust removal rate in five vacuums is less than 60%. This situation is especially obvious on plush blankets. [17]. To this end, a unified method and standard that can be quickly standardized should be established. In 1993, the Japan Clothing Products Quality Performance Countermeasures Association investigated the development of anti-concealing fabrics and proposed the “Mite Evaluation Methods and Standards”. In 1998, it also proposed the “Test Methods for Anti-Mite Fabrics to Repellent Mites” to further analyze mites, Strict regulations have been made on the culture medium, feeding conditions and calculation methods. In 2003, the Institute for the Control of Household Drugs of the Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China promulgated the “Testing Methods and Evaluation Standards for the Efficacy of Hygienic Insecticides”, which includes “Testing Methods and Evaluation Standards for the Efficacy of Acaricides and Repellents” [Pesticide Testing (Biotesting) ) Letter No. 45, 2003〗. The Carpet and Carpet Association also proposes test methods for carpets. The anti-mite (insect) test methods of textiles are summarized as shown in Table 5.

Table 5 Anti-mite test methods for textiles

Effect evaluation	Assessment method	Test methods	Evaluation criteria
Effectiveness of killing mites	Evaluation based on mite mortality	Mite cultivation method	Mortality rate is over 60-90%
		Residue contact method (clamping method)	The mortality rate is over 90%
		Spiral tube method	Mortality rate is over 50-90%
Effective in repelling mites	Evaluate by repellency rate	Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health	Repellency rate is over 70-90%
		Trespassing Prevention Act	Repellency rate is over 80%
		Carpet Association Law
		Glass tube method
		Seduction	Repellency rate above 60%
Others	Evaluation of inhibiting mite reproduction rate	Medium mixing method	The reproduction inhibition rate is less than 60%
	Mite pass rate evaluation	Pass rate determination method

1. Tested mite species:

To measure the effectiveness of preventing mites, the principle should be to select mites that have significant differences in sensitivity to chemicals and are easy to detect indoors. Therefore, the mites available for testing are:

Pink spider mite (Dermatophagoidae farinae, abbreviation D.F)

Common grain mite (Tyrophagus putrescentiae, abbreviated as T.P)

Chelacaropsis moorei (abbreviation C.M)

2. Anti-mite test method:

1. Acaricide test method

As shown in the table above, methods for evaluating mite mortality include mite cultivation method, residue contact method and spiral tube method. The conditions for this kind of acaricidal efficacy test are simple, because the test mites are forced to be in direct contact with the test sample, so it is easy to confirm the relationship between the dosage and efficacy of the agent, and the test results have little fluctuation.

① Mite cultivation method: suitable for testing the anti-mite function of textile products. This method is as shown in the figure below. Cut the anti-mite fabric into a disc with a diameter of 6cm, place it at the bottom of a petri dish, and put a certain number of mites (100 Only) and culture medium, observe with a microscope after a certain period of time, and calculate the mite mortality rate.

​​

②Residue contact method: Also known as the clip method, as shown in the figure below, treat the filter paper with chemicals, cut it into a certain size, fold it in half into a 10×10cm piece of paper, put 30 mites in the middle, and clamp it with clips on three sides to prevent The mites escaped, and then, after being placed for 24 hours at a temperature of 25°C and a relative humidity of 75%, the mortality rate of the mites was measured. This method is suitable for the evaluation of anti-mite agents and can also be used for quilts and sheets. It is a basic mite-killing test method stipulated by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare.

③Spiral tube method: Prepare a glass spiral tube with a capacity of 5 ml, put 200 mg of anti-mite sample, a certain number of mites and culture medium, and measure the mortality of the mites after a certain period of time.

2. Mite repellent test method

Methods for evaluating mite repellency include the Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health method, the invasion prevention method, the Carpet Association method, and the glass tube method. This type of repellent efficacy test is determined by the behavior of the mites, and test conditions can easily affect the test results. There are many factors that affect the effectiveness. The relationship between the dosage and the anti-mite effectiveness cannot be accurately shown, so it is volatile.

①Osaka Prefecture Institute of Public Health method. This method is suitable for thin fabrics such as quilt tops, sheets, and non-woven fabrics. Place seven plastic dishes (inner diameter 4cm and height 0.6cm) as shown in the picture, ensuring that the walls of the seven dishes are in contact with each other, and then place them on the adhesive cardboard to fix their positions. Place the fibers or fabrics to be tested that have been treated with drugs and those that have not been treated with drugs (control) at intervals in the surrounding 6 dishes so that they cover the bottom of the dish and are about 0.4cm thick. Place a piece of tissue paper with a diameter of about 2cm on each of them. , put 0.05g of test insect feed on each piece of paper. About 5,000 test insects were placed in the central dish. Put the above-mentioned cardboard on the rack in a flat-bottomed container of appropriate size. At the bottom of the flat-bottomed container, there is absorbent cotton fully soaked in saturated salt water. Place the rack on the absorbent cotton to prevent the cardboard from getting damp, and then cover the container. . Place the flat-bottomed container in a 25°C incubator to maintain the container at 25±1°C and a relative humidity of 75%, and incubate for 24 hours. After constant temperature treatment, take out the six surrounding petri dishes, and then use the salt water floatation method to measure the number of mites respectively, and then calculate the repellent rate according to the following formula.

Repellent rate = [1-(Total number of mites on the treated sample/Total number of mites on the untreated sample)]×100%

② Preventing intrusion method. This method is suitable for evaluating the anti-mite function of carpets. As shown in the picture below, take two large and small plastic petri dishes. The outer diameter of the large dish is 90mm and the height is 15mm. The outer diameter of the small dish is 35mm and the height is 10mm. Put a culture medium containing 10,000 mites in a large dish and distribute them evenly. Place a small dish in the middle, place the cut anti-mite carpet sample and powder feed (without mites) in the small dish, and adjust the humidity to 75% RH with salt water. Incubate for 24 hours in a thermostat under total darkness at 25±1°C, and count the number of surviving mites. Carry out the same test using the control specimen. Taking into account the fluctuation of the test, repeat it 5 times, and use the total value of live mites in each test to calculate the repellent rate,

Repellent rate (%) = (number of mites in the control area – number of mites in the test area)/number of mites in the control area. For the comparison sample, if the number of mites does not exceed 1,000, the test is invalid.

Methods for evaluating the anti-mite performance of fabrics also include using the culture medium mixing method to determine the mite proliferation inhibition rate and using the mite passage method to determine the pass rate. The latter is simpler. The former test is to take two petri dishes with an inner diameter of 3.3cm and a height of 1cm, put in anti-mite fabrics and a comparative test respectively, spread 100mg of mite culture medium evenly with 100 mites, and place them for a certain period under the conditions of 25℃ and 75%RH. After a certain period of time, the number of mites on the two samples is measured, and the proliferation inhibition rate can be obtained.

3. Durability test method

Anti-mite fibers and anti-mite fabrics must be durable. Methods to test anti-mite durability include water washing method and accelerated test method. The water washing method is to wash the anti-mite fiber and its fabric for a specified number of times according to certain washing conditions (refer to JISL0217103) and then measure the anti-mite effect after treatment. The accelerated test method is to conduct an accelerated test on the anti-mite fabric under certain processing conditions, such as processing it under sunlight at a temperature of 81°C for 48 hours, or using a light fastness tester (carbon arc lamp) at 63°C Process for 80 hours, etc.

4. Problems with current anti-mite and antibacterial fabric products and their performance testing

Many testing centers such as the Microbiology and Mite Laboratory and the Academy of Military Medical Sciences have conducted research on testing technologies for the anti-mite performance of various fabrics, fibers, and other materials and products, and have accumulated thousands of sample data of various types. In summary, the main findings are There are several questions:

① Some products claim to have anti-mite properties without adding any anti-mite agents or conducting relevant testing, seriously disrupting the normal order of the market.

②Some manufacturing companies believe that onlyIf an anti-mite agent is added, the product must have an anti-mite effect. In fact, adding an anti-mite agent to a product does not necessarily have good anti-mite properties. In addition to the characteristics of the anti-mite agent, its anti-mite performance is also related to the product’s raw materials, production process and the location of the anti-mite agent in the product. Dispersion and so on are closely related.

③In our country, the only method for “testing mite-killing and anti-mite performance” is the “mite-killing and mite-repellent drugs” in the “Test Methods and Evaluation Standards for Hygienic Insecticide Efficacy Tests” formulated by the Pesticide Verification Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture in 2003. “Effectiveness test methods and evaluation standards”, lacking industry or national standards. The mites in the test method are dust mites, which are only suitable for testing carpets, mattresses, bedding and other bedding against dust mites. There are no corresponding test methods for other mites. In order to regulate the market and protect consumer interests, national standards for anti-mite fabrics should be established as soon as possible.

Section 6, Conclusion

Since the categories of textiles are complex and the raw material structures and end uses are different, anti-mite treatment processes and anti-mite finishing agents have their own specificities. Specifically, for natural fiber fabrics such as cotton and wool, the treatment agent is applied to the textiles using the exhaust method or padding method during the dyeing and finishing process. This type of product and its application process are not inconsistent with the original process of the original product in terms of finished product quality (such as color, fastness, feel, etc.) and processing conditions (such as speed, temperature, ionicity, PH value, etc.). Some anti-mite agents can also be applied in the same bath as other dyeing and finishing auxiliaries, so application and quality control are very convenient. For synthetic fibers, anti-mite finishing agents are added during the spinning stage. Similar treatment methods can also be applied to other textile-related products, such as industrial textiles, rubber or plastic products, etc.

The temperature and humidity requirements of dust mites are similar to those of the human body. Indoor conditions provide ideal temperature and humidity for the breeding of microorganisms such as bacteria and mold, as well as dust mites. Mites and other mites breed in large numbers in household textiles, such as carpets, sofas and bedding products. In Japan and the United States, the harm of mites is gradually becoming known to the public, and anti-mite treatment of textiles is regarded as a necessary finishing process and is widely used. A large number of anti-mite textiles are used in home indoor consumption, such as carpets, wall coverings, curtains, furniture fabrics, decorative fabrics, mattress fillings and bed fabrics, etc. And it is always indoors, so the number of various types of textiles treated with anti-mite finishing agents is very large.

With the strengthening of product quality supervision and standardization work, the rapid development of my country’s economy and the rapid improvement of people’s living standards, people’s quality requirements for textiles have shifted from the traditional practicality, beauty, and durability to paying more attention to safety and hygiene. Especially in the past two years, biosafety incidents have occurred frequently in China and around the world, which have increased consumers’ awareness of biohazards and promoted the research and development of various functional and health-care products. Among them, anti-mite textiles will have good development prospects.

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