高吸水性纤维是纤维状高吸水性功能高分子材料，能够吸收自重几十至几千倍的水分。与传统吸水材料如脱脂棉、纤维素纤维相比，它不但拥有极高的吸水量，而且保水性强，即使在高压下也不失水。制造高吸水性纤维的高吸水性树脂是水溶性聚合物的延伸与拓展，它通过交联、水解技术，具有低交联度、高溶胀率、不溶于水的结构和性能特征。高吸水性树脂是一个低交联度的三维网络，其主链或侧链上含有亲水基因如羧基。酰胺基、羟基、磺酸基等，其微观结构因合成体系不同而呈现多样性如海岛型结构、蜂窝型结构和颗粒状结构。
传统吸水材料主要靠大分子链上的亲水基团及材料中的孔隙达到吸水的目的，这种吸水方式的吸水量非常有限，且在压力作用下纤维的保水性很差� �而高吸水性高聚物则不同� WYLee et al. discussed the water absorption mechanism of ionic super-absorbent resin and believed that the osmotic pressure difference inside and outside the network is the key to the resin absorbing large amounts of water. KNAKAMURA et al. also proved this when using DSC and NMR methods to analyze the binding state of water in the resin gel. This point; Lin Runxiong et al. used DSC and NMR methods to This was also proven when analyzing the binding state of water in resin gels; Lin Runxiong et al. used FloryHUggins thermodynamics theory and solution thermodynamics theory to discuss the water absorption thermodynamics and kinetics of highly water-absorbent resins; ZengL et al. used NMR to study the highly water-absorbent properties Water absorption properties of fiber and polypropylene blended fabrics �<br /
Super absorbent resins can be divided into three categories based on raw materials: ① Starch-based (starch grafting, carboxymethylation, etc.); ② Cellulose-based (cellulose carboxymethylation, grafting, etc.); ③ Synthetic polymer-based (Including polyacrylic acid series, polyvinyl alcohol series, etc.) �其中聚丙烯酸（盐）类占高吸水性树脂总产量的80％以上� �这类高分子交联体属于离子型电解质，吸水能力特别强，且贮运方便� �<br /
高吸水性聚合物在实际运用中主要有片状、膜状、粒状、粉状及纤维状。其中纤维状的吸水材料吸水表面积大、吸水速度快、柔软、与皮肤接触舒适，特别适合制造吸水性纺织品，使高吸水性材料获得更广泛的应用。
1. Manufacturing of highly absorbent fibers<br /
There are currently two main methods for manufacturing fibrous highly absorbent materials: <br /
1.1 Hydrophilic modification of fiber<br /
纤维的亲水化改性是目前制造高吸水性纤维常用的方法� �它是将一般纤维如棉纤维、粘胶纤维或合成纤维如聚乙烯酸纤维、聚酞胺纤维、聚丙烯睛纤维等通过物理或化学方法处理来提高其吸水性能� �物理改性是将一般纤维与吸水性纤维混纺，也可在一般纤维中加人吸水性粉末，或者将高吸水性树脂的分散溶液涂覆在一般纤维或纤维制品上以提高纤维的吸水率� �章悦庭等将丙烯酸接技淀粉用NaOH处理后涂覆到非织造布上，制得的高吸水性非织造布每平方米可吸水几十公斤，吸水速度比颗粒状树脂快很多，且手感柔软� �化学处理则是用一般纤维与反应性物质反应制取高吸水性纤维� For example, polyvinyl alcohol fiber is added to an organic solvent mixed with maleic acid and heated to esterify part of the side chain of the polyvinyl alcohol molecule, introducing carboxyl groups and forming a cross-linked structure between the molecules, thereby producing a highly water-absorbent product. polyethylene fiber �日本理上义治、小仓真人等用类似方法制得吸水倍率为110倍的水凝胶� �用NaOH溶液处理后的聚丙烯睛纤维，经盐酸中和，再用甲醛处理也可得到高吸水性的纤维� �此外，纤维素的醚化及纤维素纤维、粘胶纤维接枝丙烯酸皆属于纤维的化学法亲水化改性� �特别是改性纤维素纤维，不但原料丰富、价廉，而且力学性能好，因而具有非常广阔的前景� �<br /
1.2 Super absorbent resin spinning method<br /
该法须先制得可纺性高吸水性树脂，然后再纺丝成形制成纤维� �目前可纺性高吸水性树脂主要采用吸水性单体与非亲水性（或亲水性小）物质共聚的方法制镊� The units used in copolymerization are mainly unsaturated monomers containing vinyl groups such as cyano groups, amide groups, ester groups, carboxylic acid groups, and sodium sulfonate groups, such as acrylonitrile, acrylamide, sodium acrylate, and methyl methacrylate. , methylene bisacrylamide, sodium p-styrene sulfonate, etc. �聚合多采用乳液聚合（或反向乳液聚合）、悬浮聚合（或反向悬浮聚合）� �有时亦采用溶液聚合� �纺丝方法可分为溶液纺丝与熔融纺丝两种� �溶液纺丝是将上述聚合物溶解到有机溶剂中配成均匀的分散溶液，再经干法或湿法纺丝制成高吸水性纤维� �选用的溶剂主要有硫氰酸钠水溶液、二甲基甲酸胺、丙酮等� �Westerink等用纤维素、磷酸（酐）等制成纺丝原液� �采用湿法纺丝将其挤人含有丙酮的凝固浴中，制得吸水能力为10g（水）/g（纤维），吸盐水能力为10g（盐水）/g（纤维�of highly absorbent cellulose fibers. Melt spinning is to melt the polymer into a viscous flow state and then extrude it into filaments. For example, a trace amount of sodium polyacrylate water-absorbing agent is added to nylon 6, and the water absorption and water retention properties of the modified nylon 6 fiber obtained by melt spinning are greatly improved compared to pure nylon 6 fiber.
2Uses of highly absorbent fiber<br /
纤维状高吸水材料吸水表面积大，吸水速度快，手感柔软，大大拓宽了高吸水性材料的应用范围，尤其适合制造高吸水性纺织品。其用途主要分为以下几个方面：
2.1 Medical and health care supplies<br /
According to reports, about 95% of water-absorbent resins are used in personal hygiene care products every year. Baby diapers, adult incontinence pads, etc. made of highly absorbent fibers not only have high absorption rates and large absorption capacity, but are also more comfortable and close to the skin; napkins, Adding highly absorbent fibers to rags and toilet paper can also greatly improve their performance. �表1对几种衣料的吸水性能作了一个比较，从中可见添加了高吸水性纤维的贴身衣物能更有效地保持皮肤干爽，人体舒适感大大增加� �</p
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在医用方面，将高吸水性纤维用于手术垫、手术手套、手术上衣、手术棉等可以迅速吸收血液、体液，保持医疗环境的干爽、洁净。将高吸水性纤维用于病床垫褥还可避免褥疮。用人造纤维接技制成的止血栓现已大量用于临床医疗。
2.2 Industry<br /
含有高吸水性纤维的非织造布，具有平衡水分功能，在高湿度下能吸收水分，低温度时又能释放水分，用于内墙装饰可有效地防止结露。吸收了大量水而成凝胶状的高吸水性纤维亦可用来制造防火材料。如与易燃纤维混纺能改善其阻燃性，是制造消防服的良好材料。一些阴离子高吸水剂，如纤维素接枝丙烯腈水解物、纤维素接枝丙烯酸具有很高的重金属离子吸附量，用这类纤维材料制成的滤布是理想的环保材料。
2.3 Food<br /
高吸水性纤维在食品加工中的应用为现代食品工业开创了一片新天地� �用于食品中的高吸水性纤维一般是天然的食物纤维，如果胶、蛋白质等� Soy protein is blended with a small amount of super absorbent agent – sodium polyacrylate, and wet-spun to produce modified protein fiber. Adding it to artificial meat can increase the adhesion of the protein and greatly improve the flavor and taste of artificial meat. And make sure it’s non-toxic �</p
3. Development prospects of highly water-absorbent fibers<br /
高吸水性纤维吸水面积大，吸水速度快，力学性能优异，用途广泛，前景看好。但目前由于理论和技术上的原因，高吸水性纤维的生产远远不能满足实际的需要。今后高吸水性纤维主要在以下几个方面有很大的发展空间：
1.拓宽原材料范围，丰富产品种类。如开发与无机材料混合的复合材料，或从纤维的吸水、吸湿、保水、耐盐、吸香、吸放药剂等专项功能方面开发新产品。
2.创新纤维成形技术� Most super absorbent polymers are cross-linked products. The existing spinning technology is far from meeting the demand. If we can further innovate in spinning technology, it will definitely open up a way to develop more super absorbent fibers. broad road �<br /
3.加强应用开发的研究� Highly absorbent fiber has a wide range of uses. It can be said that wherever there is water, it can be used. At present, its main use is still in medical and health care. If its use is further expanded in other aspects, it will definitely inject attention into the development of highly absorbent fiber. human vitality
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